African Fusion November 2015

References [1] The Lincoln Electric Co. Cleveland, Ohio USA: “Prevention and control of weld distortion”, Weld J (2001), page 97–100. [2] CJHamelin and L Edwards: “Reviewof DistortionControl Tech- niques for Welding Applications in the Shipbuilding Industry”, ANSTO (2010). [3] RW O’Brien: “Predicting weld distortion in the design of auto- motive components”, MSc Thesis, Durham University (2007). [4] Q Guan, CX Zhang and DL Guo: “Dynamically controlled low stress no distortion welding method and its facility”, Chinese patent no. 93101690.8., (1993). [5] EM van der Aa: “Local Cooling During Welding: Prediction and Control of Residual Stresses and Buckling Distortion”, PhD Thesis, Delft University of Technology, (2007). [6] DBertaso, G.Melton, RJones, andCHardy: “AdvancedManufac- turing Using Low Stress No Distortion (LSND) Techniques”, IIW Doc XII-1784-04, International Institute of Welding, IIWAnnual Assembly, Osaka, Japan, (2004). [7] QGuan, RHLeggatt andKWBrown: “Lowstress, non-distortion (LSND) TIG welding of thin-walled structural elements”, The Welding Institute (TWI) Research Report 374, (1988). [8] DL. Guo, Q Guan and CQ Li: “New welding technique for aero- space thin-walled structures-LSND technology”, in Proc of 18 th ICAS, Congress, Vol. 2 (A93-14151 03-01), Sept. 20-25, Beijing, China, (1992), page 1705-1711. [9] J Gabzdyl, M Cole, SW Williams and D Price: “Control of Laser Weld Distortion by Thermal Tensioning”, 20 th International Congress on ICALEO 2001: Applications of Lasers & Electro- Optics Proceedings, USA, (2001). [10] RV Preston: “Modelling of Residual Stresses in Welded Aero- space Alloys”, PhD Thesis, University of Cambridge, (2001).

[11] DA Price, SW Williams, A Wescott, CJC Harrison, A Rezai, A Steuwer, M Peel, P Staron and M Koçak: “Distortion control in welding bymechanical tensioning”, Science and Technology of Welding and Joining, Volume12 Issue 7, (2007), page 620-633. [12] EMvander Aa, IMRichardsonandMJMHermans: “Weldingwith a TrailingHeat Sink: How toOptimise the CoolingParameters?” in ‘Trends in Welding Research’, Pine Mountain, Georgia USA, ASM International, (2005). [13] Y Ishizaki, S Asai, T.Tanabe, Y Yasuda and H Takebayashi: “De- velopment of GTAW system using CO 2 cooling for reducing residual stress”, IIW Doc # XII-1941-08, International Institute of Welding, IIW Annual Assembly, Graz, Austria, (2008). [14] R Holder, N Larkin, H Li, L. Kuzmikova, Z Pan and J Norrish: “Development of a DC-LSND welding process for GMAW on DH-36 Steel” in 56 th WTIA annual conference (2011) page 1-13. [15] NBagshaw, EOlden andDBersato: “Numerical Simulation and Experimental Validation of Low Stress No Distortion (LSND) Welding in 304 Stainless Steel”, The Welding Institute, United Kingdom, Report 780/2003, (2003). [16] N Bagshaw: “Low Stress No Distortion (LSND) Welding in 304 Stainless Steel: Improved Numerical Simulation and Experi- mental Validation”, The Welding Institute, United Kingdom, Report 813 /2004, (2004). [17] R Saraswat: “LowStress NoDistortion (LSND) Modelling of Alu- minium Alloy Welds”, The Welding Institute, United Kingdom, Members Report 902/2008, (2008). [18] RW O’Brien, WM Veldsman and GB Melton: “Weld cooling ap- paratus andmethod using an expansible coolant and a refrac- tory seal”, International Patent application WO/2012/101399, International ApplicationNo: PCT/GB2012/000064, Publication Date: 02.08.2012, International Filing Date: 24.01.2012, (2012).

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November 2015

AFRICAN FUSION