Chemical Technology May 2016
Table 3: Water treatment technologies and their relevance to composition of the water
SO 4 Cl TDS TSS Polymers
OH O/G DRO GRO TA HCO 3
Technology
Bacteria CH 3
TH Ca Mg Fe Ba St
API Separators
X
DAF
X
X
Activated Carbon
X
X
X
X
Nut Shell Filters
X
WATER TREATMENT
Clay Adsorbents
X
Chemical Oxidation
X
X
X
UV Disinfection
X
Biological
X
X
X
X
Air Stripper
X
X
Chemical Precipitation
X X X
X
X X X
Lime/Soda Softening X
X
X
X X X
X
Clarifiers
X
Settling Ponds
X
Ion Exchange
X X X
X
X X X
X X
Multi-Media Filtration
X
Membrane Filtration X
X
Sand Filters
X
X
Cartridge Filters
X
X
X X
Reverse Osmosis
X
X
X X X
Evaporation
X X X
X
X X X
X X
Steam Stripping
X
X
X
Acidification
X
X
9 SRBC, ―Aquifer Testing Guidance, Policy No. 2007-01 (December 5, 2007), http://www.srbc.net/programs/AQUIFER_TESTING_GUIDANCE. htm (accessed April 2010). 10 Harper, J. 2008. The Marcellus Shale – An Old “New” Gas Reservoir in Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania Geology. v 28, no 1. Spring 2008. Published by the Bureau of Topographic and Geologic Survey, Pennsylvania Depart- ment of Conservation and Natural Resources. 11 Railroad Commission of Texas (RRC). v2008.v Water Use in the Barnett Shale. http://www.rrc.state.tx.us/divisions/og/wateruse_barnettshale. html. Updated: June 30, 2008. Accessed: October 2008. 12 Modern Shale Gas Development in the United States for the U.S. De- partment of Energy by GWPC and ALL Consulting – Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA April 2009- Extensively quoted in this article by kind permission of GWPC –GroundWater Protection Council, Dan Yates – Associate Director. 13 Ewing, J. 2008. Devon Energy Corp. Taking a Proactive Approach toWater Recycling in the Barnett Shale. Presented at the Fort Worth Business Press Barnett Shale Symposium. February 29, 2008. In early 2009, studies were underway to determine the minimum quality of water that could successfully be used in hydraulic fracturing. If hydraulic fracturing procedures or fluid additives can be developed that will allow use of water with a high TDS content, then more treatment options become viable and more water can be reused. ■ in some cases even drinking water. This allows natural gas-associated produced water to be viewed as a potential resource in its own right [13]. Current levels of interest in recycling and reuse are high, but new approaches and more efficient technologies are needed to make treatment and re-use a widespread reality.
When the study, ‘Modern Shale Gas Development in the United States of America’ [12], was developed, there were plans to construct commercial wastewater treatment facilities specifically designed for the treatment of produced water associated with shale gas development in some loca- tions around the country. The success of such plants will be closely tied to the successful expansion of production in the various shale gas plays. New water treatment technologies and new applications of existing technologies are being developed and used to treat shale gas produced water. The treated water can be reused as fracturing make-up water, irrigation water, and References 1 Modern Shale Gas Development in the United States for the U.S. Depart- ment of Energy by GWPC and ALL Consulting – Tulsa Oklahoma, USA April 2009- Extensively quoted in this article by kind permission of GWPC – Ground Water Protection Council, Dan Yates – Associate Director. 2 Ibid 3 REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA, NATIONAL WATER ACT, Act No 36 of 1998 4 South African National Standard for DrinkingWater, SANS 241-1:Edition 1. 5 Satterfield, J., M. Mantell, D. Kathol, F. Hiebert, K. Patterson, and R. Lee. 2008. Chesapeake Energy Corp. Managing Water Resource’s Challenges in Select Natural Gas Shale Plays. Presented at the GWPC Annual Meeting. September 2008. 6 Geographical differences in the relationship between total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity in South 0African rivers, H van Niekerk; MJ Silberbauer; MMaluleke, Resource Quality Services, Department of Water Affairs 7 Water Management in Unconventional Natural Gas Exploration & Pro- duction, May 2011, Presentation, C Hunter Nolen 8 SRBC, 18 CFR 806.5, December, 2008
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Chemical Technology • May 2016
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